Glossary
This glossary includes terms and definitions for WebSphere® eXtreme Scale.
The following cross-references are used in this glossary:
- See refers the reader from a term to a preferred synonym,
or from an acronym or abbreviation to the defined full form.
- See also refers the reader to a related or contrasting
term.
To view glossaries for other IBM products, go to www.ibm.com/software/globalization/terminology.
administrator
A person responsible for administrative tasks such as access
authorization and content management. Administrators can also grant
levels of authority to users.
agent
A program that performs an action on behalf of a user or
other program without user intervention or on a regular schedule,
and reports the results back to the user or program.
application
One or more computer programs or software components that
provide a function in direct support of a specific business process
or processes.
application programming interface (API)
An interface that allows an application program that is
written in a high-level language to use specific data or functions
of the operating system or another program.
application server
A server program in a distributed network that provides
the execution environment for an application program.
asynchronous
Pertaining to events that are not synchronized in time or
do not occur in regular or predictable time intervals.
asynchronous messaging
A method of communication between programs in which a program
places a message on a message queue, then proceeds with its own processing
without waiting for a reply to its message.
asynchronous replica
A shard that receives updates after the transaction commits.
This method is faster than a synchronous replica, but introduces the
possibility of data loss because the asynchronous replica can be several
transactions behind the primary shard.
authenticated user
A portal user who has logged in to the portal with a valid
account (user ID and password). Authenticated users have access to
all public places.
authentication
A security service that provides proof that a user of a
computer system is genuinely who that person claims to be. Common
mechanisms for implementing this service are passwords and digital
signatures. Authentication is distinct from authorization; authentication
is not concerned with granting or denying access to system resources.
authentication alias
An alias that authorizes access to resource adapters and
data sources. An authentication alias contains authentication data,
including a user ID and password.
authorization
The process of granting a user, system, or process either
complete or restricted access to an object, resource, or function.
authorization policy
A policy whose policy target is a business service and whose
contract contains one or more assertions that grant permission to
run a channel action.
authorization table
A table that contains the role to user or group mapping
information that identifies the permitted access of a client to a
particular resource.
authorized program analysis report (APAR)
A request for correction of a defect in a supported release
of an IBM-supplied program.
autodiscovery
The discovery of service artifacts in a file system, external
registry, or another source.
autonomic manager
A set of software or hardware components, configured by
policies, which manage the behavior of other software or hardware
components as a human might manage them. An autonomic manager includes
a control loop that consists of monitor, analyze, plan, and execute
components.
availability
1. The condition allowing users to access and use their
applications and data.
2. The time periods during which a resource
is accessible. For example, a contractor might have an availability
of 9 AM to 5 PM every weekday, and 9 AM to 3 PM on Saturdays.
bean class
In Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) programming, a Java class
that implements a javax.ejb.EntityBean class or javax.ejb.SessionBean
class.
Bean Scripting Framework
An architecture for incorporating scripting language functions
to Java applications.
bean-managed messaging
A function of asynchronous messaging that gives an enterprise
bean complete control over the messaging infrastructure.
bean-managed persistence (BMP)
The mechanism whereby data transfer between an entity bean's
variables and a resource manager is managed by the entity bean. (Sun)
bean-managed transaction (BMT)
The capability of the session bean, servlet, or application
client component to manage its own transactions directly, instead
of through a container.
binary format
Representation of a decimal value in which each field must
be 2 or 4 bytes long. The sign (+ or -) is in the far left bit of
the field, and the number value is in the remaining bits of the field.
Positive numbers have a 0 in the sign bit and are in true form. Negative
numbers have a 1 in the sign bit and are in twos complement form.
bootstrap
A small program that loads larger programs during system
initialization.
bootstrapping
The process by which an initial reference of the naming
service is obtained. The bootstrap setting and the host name form
the initial context for Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI)
references.
bottleneck
A place in the system where contention for a resource is
affecting performance.
bottom-up development
In Web services, the process of developing a service from
an existing artifact such as a Java bean or enterprise bean rather
than a Web Services Description Language (WSDL) file.
breakpoint
A marked point in a process or programmatic flow that causes
that flow to pause when the point is reached, typically to allow debugging
or monitoring.
build definition file
An XML file that identifies components and characteristics
for a customized installation package (CIP).
build path
The path that is used during compilation of Java source
code, in order to find referenced classes that reside in other projects.
build plan
An XML file that defines the processing necessary to build
generation outputs and that specifies the machine where processing
takes place.
build time data
Objects that are not used by the translator, such as EDI
standards, record oriented data document types, and maps.
bytecode
Machine-independent code generated by the Java compiler
and executed by the Java interpreter. (Sun)
cache instance resource
A location where any Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java
EE) application can store, distribute, and share data.
cache replication
The sharing of cache IDs, cache entries, and cache invalidations
with other servers in the same replication domain.
catalog
A container that, depending on the container type, holds
processes, data, resources, organizations, or reports in the project
tree.
catalog service
A service that controls placement of shards and discovers
and monitors the health of containers.
category
A container used in a structure diagram to group elements
based on a shared attribute or quality.
cell
1. A group of managed processes that are federated to
the same deployment manager and can include high-availability core
groups.
2. One or more processes that each host runtime components.
Each has one or more named core groups.
cell-scoped binding
A binding scope where the binding is not specific to, and
not associated with any node or server. This type of name binding
is created under the persistent root context of a cell.
chassis
The metal frame in which various electronic components are
mounted.
child node
A node within the scope of another node.
class
In object-oriented design or programming, a model or template
that can be used to create objects with a common definition and common
properties, operations, and behavior. An object is an instance of
a class.
class file
A compiled Java source file.
class hierarchy
The relationships between classes that share a single inheritance.
class loader
Part of the Java virtual machine (JVM) that is responsible
for finding and loading class files. A class loader affects the packaging
of applications and the runtime behavior of packaged applications
deployed on application servers.
class path
A list of directories and JAR files that contain resource
files or Java classes that a program can load dynamically at run time.
classifier
A specialized attribute used for grouping and color-coding
process elements.
client
A software program or computer that requests services from
a server. See also
host.
client application
An application, running on a workstation and linked to a
client, that gives the application access to queuing services on a
server.
client/server
Pertaining to the model of interaction in distributed data
processing in which a program on one computer sends a request to a
program on another computer and awaits a response. The requesting
program is called a client; the answering program is called a server.
Cloudscape
An embeddable, all Java, object-relational database management
system (ORDBMS).
cluster
A group of application servers that collaborate for the
purposes of workload balancing and failover.
coarse-grained
Pertaining to viewing a group of objects from an abstract
or high level.
coherent cache
Cache that maintains integrity so that all clients see the
same data.
collection certificate store
A collection of intermediate certificates or certificate
revocation lists (CRL) that are used by a certificate path to build
up a certificate chain for validation.
comma delimited file
A file whose records contain fields that are separated by
a comma.
command bean
A proxy that can invoke a single operation using an execute()
method.
command line
The blank line on a display where commands, option numbers,
or selections can be entered.
compilation unit
A portion of a computer program sufficiently complete to
be compiled correctly.
compile time
The time period during which a computer program is being
compiled into an executable program.
component
1. A reusable object or program that performs a specific
function and works with other components and applications.
2.
In Eclipse, one or more plug-ins that work together to deliver a discrete
set of functions.
component element
An entity in a component where a breakpoint can be set,
such as an activity or Java snippet in a business process, or a mediation
primitive or node in a mediation flow.
component instance
A running component that can be running in parallel with
other instances of the same component.
component test
An automated test of one or more components of an enterprise
application, which may include Java classes, EJB beans, or Web services.
container server
A server instance that can host multiple shards. One Java
virtual machine (JVM) can host multiple container servers.
converter
In Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) programming, a class that
translates a database representation to an object type and back.
create method
In enterprise beans, a method defined in the home interface
and invoked by a client to create an enterprise bean. (Sun)
credential
In the Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS)
framework, a subject class that owns security-related attributes.
These attributes can contain information used to authenticate the
subject to new services.
customized installation package (CIP)
A customized installation image that can include one or
more maintenance packages, a configuration archive file from a stand-alone
server profile, one or more enterprise archive files, scripts, and
other files that help customize the resulting installation.
daemon
A program that runs unattended to perform continuous or
periodic functions, such as network control.
dashboard
A Web page that can contain one or more viewers that graphically
represent business data.
data grid
A system for accessing terabytes or petrabytes of data.
DB2
A family of IBM licensed programs for relational database
management.
deadlock
A condition in which two independent threads of control
are blocked, each waiting for the other to take some action. Deadlock
often arises from adding synchronization mechanisms to avoid race
conditions.
demilitarized zone (DMZ)
A configuration that includes multiple firewalls to add
layers of protection between a corporate intranet and a public network,
such as the Internet.
deploy
To place files or install software into an operational environment.
In Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE), this involves creating
a deployment descriptor suitable to the type of application that is
being deployed.
deployment code
Additional code that enables bean implementation code written
by an application developer to work in a particular EJB runtime environment.
Deployment code can be generated by tools that the application server
vendor supplies.
deployment descriptor
An XML file that describes how to deploy a module or application
by specifying configuration and container options. For example, an
EJB deployment descriptor passes information to an EJB container about
how to manage and control an enterprise bean.
deployment directory
The directory where the published server configuration and
Web application are located on the machine where the application server
is installed.
deployment environment
A collection of configured clusters, servers, and middleware
that collaborate to provide an environment to host software modules.
For example, a deployment environment might include a host for message
destinations, a processor or sorter of business events, and administrative
programs.
deployment manager
A server that manages operations for a logical group or
cell of other servers.
deployment phase
A phase that includes a combination of creating the hosting
environment for your applications and the deployment of those applications.
This includes resolving the application’s resource dependencies, operational
conditions, capacity requirements, and integrity and access constraints.
deployment policy
An optional way to configure an eXtreme Scale environment
based on various items, including: number of systems, servers, partitions,
replicas (including type of replica), and heap sizes for each server.
deployment topology
The configuration of servers and clusters in a deployment
environment and the physical and logical relationships among them.
deprecated
Pertaining to an entity, such as a programming element or
feature, that is supported but no longer recommended and that might
become obsolete.
derivation
In object-oriented programming, the refinement or extension
of one class from another.
deserialization
A method for converting a serialized variable into object
data.
destination
An exit point that is used to deliver documents to a back-end
system or a trading partner.
digital certificate
An electronic document used to identify an individual, a
system, a server, a company, or some other entity, and to associate
a public key with the entity. A digital certificate is issued by a
certification authority and is digitally signed by that authority.
dirty read
A read request that does not involve any locking mechanism.
This means that data can be read that might later be rolled back resulting
in an inconsistency between what was read and what is in the database.
distributed eXtreme Scale
A usage pattern for interacting with eXtreme Scale when
servers and clients exist on multiple processes.
do-while loop
A loop that repeats the same sequence of activities as long
as some condition is satisfied. Unlike a while loop, a do-while loop
tests its condition at the end of the loop. This means that its sequence
of activities always runs at least once.
document type definition (DTD)
The rules that specify the structure for a particular class
of SGML or XML documents. The DTD defines the structure with elements,
attributes, and notations, and it establishes constraints for how
each element, attribute, and notation can be used within the particular
class of documents.
domain
An object, icon, or container that contains other objects
representing the resources of a domain. The domain object can be used
to manage those resources.
Domain Name System (DNS)
The distributed database system that maps domain names to
IP addresses.
downstream
Pertaining to the direction of the flow, which is from the
first node in the process (upstream) toward the last node in the process
(downstream).
DTD document definition
A description or layout of an XML document based on an XML
DTD.
dynamic cache
A consolidation of several caching activities, including
servlets, Web services, and WebSphere commands into one service where
these activities share configuration parameters and work together
to improve performance.
dynamic cluster
A server cluster that uses weights to balance the workloads
of its cluster members dynamically, based on performance information
collected from cluster members.
Eclipse
An open-source initiative that provides ISVs and other tool
developers with a standard platform for developing plug-compatible
application development tools.
edition
A successive deployment generation of a particular set of
versioned artifacts.
editor area
In Eclipse and Eclipse-based products, the area in the workbench
window where files are opened for editing.
EJB container
A container that implements the EJB component contract of
the Java EE architecture. This contract specifies a runtime environment
for enterprise beans that includes security, concurrency, life cycle
management, transaction, deployment, and other services. (Sun)
EJB context
In enterprise beans, an object that allows an enterprise
bean to invoke services provided by the container and to obtain information
about the caller of a client-invoked method. (Sun)
EJB factory
An access bean that simplifies the creating or finding of
an enterprise bean instance.
EJB home object
In Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) programming, an object that
provides the life cycle operations (create, remove, find) for an enterprise
bean. (Sun)
EJB inheritance
A form of inheritance in which an enterprise bean inherits
properties, methods, and method-level control descriptor attributes
from another enterprise bean that resides in the same group.
EJB JAR file
A Java archive that contains an EJB module. (Sun)
EJB module
A software unit that consists of one or more enterprise
beans and an EJB deployment descriptor. (Sun)
EJB object
In enterprise beans, an object whose class implements the
enterprise bean remote interface (Sun).
EJB project
A project that contains the resources needed for EJB applications,
including enterprise beans; home, local, and remote interfaces; JSP
files; servlets; and deployment descriptors.
EJB query
In EJB query language, a string that contains an optional
SELECT clause specifying the EJB objects to return, a FROM clause
that names the bean collections, an optional WHERE clause that contains
search predicates over the collections, an optional ORDER BY clause
that specifies the ordering of the result collection, and input parameters
that correspond to the arguments of the finder method.
EJB reference
A logical name used by an application to locate the home
interface of an enterprise bean in the target operational environment.
EJB server
Software that provides services to an EJB container. An
EJB server may host one or more EJB containers. (Sun)
embedded server
A catalog service or container server that resides in an
existing process and is started and stopped within the process.
endpoint
1. A JCA application or other client consumer of an event
from the enterprise information system.
2. The system that is
the origin or destination of a session.
endpoint listener
The point or address at which incoming messages for a Web
service are received by a service integration bus.
enterprise application project (EAR project)
A structure and hierarchy of folders and files that contain
a deployment descriptor and IBM extension document as well as files
that are common to all Java EE modules that are defined in the deployment
descriptor.
enterprise archive (EAR)
A specialized type of JAR file, defined by the Java EE standard,
used to deploy Java EE applications to Java EE application servers.
An EAR file contains EJB components, a deployment descriptor, and
Web archive (WAR) files for individual Web applications. See also
Web archive.
enterprise bean
A component that implements a business task or business
entity and resides in an EJB container. Entity beans, session beans,
and message-driven beans are all enterprise beans. (Sun) See also
bean.
Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB)
A component architecture defined by Sun Microsystems for
the development and deployment of object-oriented, distributed, enterprise-level
applications (Java EE).
enterprise service bus (ESB)
A flexible connectivity infrastructure for integrating applications
and services; it offers a flexible and manageable approach to service-oriented
architecture implementation.
entity
1. A simple Java class that represents a row in a database
table or entry in a map.
2. In markup languages such as XML,
a collection of characters that can be referenced as a unit, for example
to incorporate often-repeated text or special characters within a
document.
entity bean
In EJB programming, an enterprise bean that represents persistent
data maintained in a database. Each entity bean carries its own identity.
(Sun)
entry breakpoint
A breakpoint set on a component element that is hit before
the component element is invoked.
environment
A named collection of logical and physical resources used
to support the performance of a function.
environment variable
A variable that specifies how an operating system or another
program runs, or the devices that the operating system recognizes.
error
A discrepancy between a computed, observed, or measured
value or condition and the true, specified, or theoretically correct
value or condition.
error log stream
A continuous flow of error information that is transmitted
using a predefined format.
event
1. A change to a state, such as the completion or failure
of an operation, business process, or human task, that can trigger
a subsequent action, such as persisting the event data to a data repository
or invoking another business process.
2. A change to data in
an enterprise information system (EIS) that is processed by the adapter
and used to deliver business objects from the EIS to the endpoints
(applications) that need to be notified of the change.
evictor
A component that controls the membership of entries in each
BackingMap instance. Sparse caches can use evictors to automatically
remove data from the cache without affecting the database.
exception
A condition or event that cannot be handled by a normal
process.
exception handler
A set of routines that responds to an abnormal condition.
An exception handler is able to interrupt and to resume the normal
running of processes.
exclusive lock
A lock that prevents concurrently executing application
processes from accessing database data. See also
shared
lock.
execution trace
A chain of events that is recorded and displayed in a hierarchal
format on the Events page of the integration test client.
export
An exposed interface from a Service Component Architecture
(SCA) module that offers a business service to the outside world.
An export has a binding that defines how the service can be accessed
by service requesters, for example, as a Web service.
export file
1. A file created during the development process for
inbound operations that contains the configuration settings for inbound
processing.
2. The file containing data that has been exported.
expression
An SQL or XQuery operand or a collection of SQL or XQuery
operators and operands that yields a single value.
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
A standard metalanguage for defining markup languages that
is based on Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).
eXtreme Scale grid
A pattern that is used to interact with eXtreme Scale when
all of the data and clients are in one process.
factory
In object-oriented programming, a class that is used to
create instances of another class. A factory is used to isolate the
creation of objects of a particular class into one place so that new
functions can be provided without widespread code changes.
failover
An automatic operation that switches to a redundant or standby
system in the event of a software, hardware, or network interruption.
fine-grained
Pertaining to viewing an individual object in detail.
fire
In object-oriented programming, to cause a state transition.
firewall
A network configuration, typically both hardware and software,
that prevents unauthorized traffic into and out of a secure network.
fix pack
A cumulative collection of fixes that is made available
between scheduled refresh packs, manufacturing refreshes, or releases.
It is intended to allow customers to move to a specific maintenance
level. See also
interim fix.
folder
A container used to organize objects.
for loop
A loop that repeats the same sequence of activities a specified
number of times.
fork
A process element that makes copies of its input and forwards
them by several processing paths in parallel.
garbage collection
A routine that searches memory to reclaim space from program
segments or inactive data.
General Inter-ORB Protocol (GIOP)
A protocol that Common Object Request Broker Architecture
(CORBA) uses to define the format of messages.
generic object
An object that is used in API calls and XPATH expressions
to refer to concepts, custom entities, or collections. For example,
the XPATH expression /WSRR/GenericObject will retrieve all concepts
from WebSphere Service Registry and Repository.
getter method
A method whose purpose is to get the value of an instance
or class variable. This allows another object to find out the value
of one of its variables.
global
1. Pertaining to an element that is available to any
process in the workspace. A global element appears in the project
tree and can be used in multiple processes. Tasks, processes, repositories,
and services can be either global (referenced by any process in the
project) or local (specific to a single process).
2. Pertaining
to information available to more than one program or subroutine.
global attribute
In XML, an attribute that is declared as a child of the
schema element rather than as part of a complex type definition. Global
attributes can be referenced in one or more content models using the
ref attribute.
global element
In XML, an element that is declared as a child of the schema
element rather than as part of a complex type definition. Global elements
can be referenced in one or more content models using the ref attribute.
global instance identifier
A globally unique identifier that is generated either by
the application or by the emitter and is used as a primary key for
event identification.
global security
Pertains to all applications running in the environment
and determines whether security is used, the type of registry used
for authentication, and other values, many of which act as defaults.
global transaction
A recoverable unit of work performed by one or more resource
managers in a distributed transaction environment and coordinated
by an external transaction manager.
global variable
A variable that is used to hold and manipulate values assigned
to it during translation and that is shared across maps and across
document translations. One of the three types of variables supported
by the Data Interchange Services mapping command language.
group
1. A collection of users who can share access authorities
for protected resources.
2. A set of related documents within
an interchange. An interchange can contain zero to many groups.
3.
In places, two or more people who are grouped for membership in a
place.
HA group
A collection of one or more members used to provide high
availability for a process.
HA policy
A set of rules that is defined for an HA group that dictate
whether zero (0), or more members are activated. The policy is associated
with a specific HA group by matching the policy match criteria with
the group name.
health
The general condition or state of the database environment.
heartbeat
A signal that one entity sends to another to convey that
it is still active.
high availability (HA)
Pertaining to a clustered system that is reconfigured when
node or daemon failures occur, so that workloads can be redistributed
to the remaining nodes in the cluster.
high availability manager
A framework within which core group membership is determined
and status is communicated between core group members.
host
1. A computer that is connected to a network and that
provides an access point to that network. The host can be a client,
a server, or both a client and server simultaneously.
2. In
performance profiling, a machine that owns processes that are being
profiled. See also server.
host name
1. In Internet communication, the name given to a computer.
The host name might be a fully qualified domain name such as mycomputer.city.company.com,
or it might be a specific subname such as mycomputer.
2. The
network name for a network adapter on a physical machine in which
the node is installed.
host system
An enterprise mainframe computer system that hosts 3270
applications. In the 3270 terminal service development tools, the
developer uses the 3270 terminal service recorder to connect to the
host system.
HTTP over SSL (HTTPS)
A Web protocol for secure transactions that encrypts and
decrypts user page requests and pages returned by the Web server.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
An Internet protocol that is used by Web servers and Web
browsers to transfer and display hypermedia documents securely across
the Internet.
if-then rule
A rule in which the action (then part) is performed only
when the condition (if part) is true.
import
1. A development artifact that imports a service that
is external to a module.
2. The point at which an SCA module
accesses an external service, (a service outside the SCA module) as
if it was local. An import defines interactions between the SCA module
and the service provider. An import has a binding and one or more
interfaces.
index
A set of pointers that are logically ordered by the values
of a key. Indexes provide quick access to data and can enforce uniqueness
of the key values for the rows in the table.
information center
A collection of information that provides support for users
of one or more products, can be launched separately from the product,
and includes a list of topics for navigation and a search engine.
inheritance
An object-oriented programming technique in which existing
classes are used as a basis for creating other classes. Through inheritance,
more specific elements incorporate the structure and behavior of more
general elements.
installation package
An installable unit of a software product. Software product
packages are separately installable units that can operate independently
from other packages of that software product.
installation target
The system on which selected installation packages are installed.
instance
A specific occurrence of an object that belongs to a class.
instantiate
To represent an abstraction with a concrete instance.
integrated development environment (IDE)
A set of software development tools, such as source editors,
compilers, and debuggers, that are accessible from a single user interface.
interface
A collection of operations that are used to specify a service
of a class or a component.
interim fix
A certified fix that is generally available to all customers
between regularly scheduled fix packs, refresh packs, or releases.
See also
fix pack.
Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP)
A protocol used for communication between Common Object
Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) object request brokers.
Internet Protocol (IP)
A protocol that routes data through a network or interconnected
networks. This protocol acts as an intermediary between the higher
protocol layers and the physical network.
invocation
The activation of a program or procedure.
IP sprayer
A device that is located between inbound requests from the
users and the application server nodes that reroutes requests across
nodes.
iterator
A class or construct that is used to step through a collection
of objects one at a time.
Java
An object-oriented programming language for portable interpretive
code that supports interaction among remote objects. Java was developed
and specified by Sun Microsystems, Incorporated.
Java API for XML (JAX)
A set of Java-based APIs for handling various operations
involving data defined through Extensible Markup Language (XML).
Java archive
A compressed file format for storing all of the resources
that are required to install and run a Java program in a single file.
See also
Web archive,
enterprise archive.
Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS)
In Java EE technology, a standard API for performing security-based
operations. Through JAAS, services can authenticate and authorize
users while enabling the applications to remain independent from underlying
technologies.
Java class
A class that is written in the Java language.
Java Command Language
A scripting language for the Java environment that is used
to create Web content and to control Java applications.
Java Connector security
An architecture designed to extend the end-to-end security
model for Java EE-based applications to include enterprise information
systems (EIS).
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
An industry standard for database-independent connectivity
between the Java platform and a wide range of databases. The JDBC
interface provides a call level interface for SQL-based and XQuery-based
database access.
Java EE application
Any deployable unit of Java EE functionality. This unit
can be a single module or a group of modules packaged into an enterprise
archive (EAR) file with a Java EE application deployment descriptor.
(Sun)
Java EE Connector Architecture (JCA)
A standard architecture for connecting the Java EE platform
to heterogeneous enterprise information systems (EIS).
Java EE server
A runtime environment that provides EJB or Web containers.
Java file
An editable source file (with .java extension) that can
be compiled into bytecode (a .class file).
Java Management Extensions (JMX)
A means of doing management of and through Java technology.
JMX is a universal, open extension of the Java programming language
for management that can be deployed across all industries, wherever
management is needed.
Java Message Service (JMS)
An application programming interface that provides Java
language functions for handling messages.
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI)
An extension to the Java platform that provides a standard
interface for heterogeneous naming and directory services.
Java platform
A collective term for the Java language for writing programs;
a set of APIs, class libraries, and other programs used in developing,
compiling, and error-checking programs; and a Java virtual machine
which loads and runs the class files. (Sun)
Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE)
An environment for developing and deploying enterprise applications,
defined by Sun Microsystems Inc. The Java EE platform consists of
a set of services, application programming interfaces (APIs), and
protocols that provide the functionality for developing multitiered,
Web-based applications. (Sun)
Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE)
The core Java technology platform. (Sun)
Java project
In Eclipse, a project that contains compilable Java source
code and is a container for source folders or packages.
Java runtime environment
A subset of a Java developer kit that contains the core
executable programs and files that constitute the standard Java platform.
The JRE includes the Java virtual machine (JVM), core classes, and
supporting files.
Java SE Development Kit (JDK)
The name of the software development kit that Sun Microsystems
provides for the Java platform.
Java Secure Socket Extension (JSSE)
A Java package that enables secure Internet communications.
It implements a Java version of the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and
Transport Layer Security (TSL) protocols and supports data encryption,
server authentication, message integrity, and optionally client authentication.
Java Specification Request (JSR)
A formally proposed specification for the Java platform.
Java virtual machine (JVM)
A software implementation of a processor that runs compiled
Java code (applets and applications).
Java virtual machine Profiler Interface (JVMPI)
A profiling tool that supports the collection of information,
such as data about garbage collection and the Java virtual machine
(JVM) API that runs the application server.
JavaBeans
As defined for Java by Sun Microsystems, a portable, platform-independent,
reusable component model. See also
bean.
JavaBeans Activation Framework (JAF)
A standard extension to the Java platform that determines
arbitrary data types and available operations and can instantiate
a bean to run pertinent services.
Javadoc
1. A tool that parses the declarations and documentation
comments in a set of source files and produces a set of HTML pages
describing the classes, inner classes, interfaces, constructors, methods,
and fields. (Sun)
2. Pertaining to the tool that parses the
declarations and documentation comments in a set of source files and
produces a set of HTML pages describing the classes, inner classes,
interfaces, constructors, methods, and fields.
JavaMail API
A platform and protocol-independent framework for building
Java-based mail client applications.
JavaScript
A Web scripting language that is used in both browsers and
Web servers. (Sun)
JavaScript Object Notation
A lightweight data-interchange format that is based on the
object-literal notation of JavaScript. JSON is programming-language
neutral but uses conventions from languages that include C, C++, C#,
Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python.
JavaServer Pages (JSP)
A server-side scripting technology that enables Java code
to be dynamically embedded within Web pages (HTML files) and run when
the page is served, in order to return dynamic content to a client.
JMS data binding
A data binding that provides a mapping between the format
used by an external JMS message and the Service Data Object (SDO)
representation used by a Service Component Architecture (SCA) module.
join
1. A process element that recombines and synchronizes
parallel processing paths after a decision or fork. A join waits for
input to arrive at each of its incoming branches before permitting
the process to continue.
2. An SQL relational operation in which
data can be retrieved from two tables, typically based on a join condition
specifying join columns.
3. The configuration on an incoming
link that determines the behavior of the link.
JSP file
A scripted HTML file that has a .jsp extension and allows
for the inclusion of dynamic content in Web pages. A JSP file can
be directly requested as a URL, called by a servlet, or called from
within an HTML page.
JSP page
A text-based document using fixed template data and JSP
elements that describes how to process a request to create a response.
(Sun)
Jython
An implementation of the Python programming language that
is integrated with the Java platform.
key
1. A cryptographic mathematical value that is used to
digitally sign, verify, encrypt, or decrypt a message.
2. Information
that characterizes and uniquely identifies the real-world entity that
is being tracked by a monitoring context.
keyword
One of the predefined words of a programming language, artificial
language, application, or command.
LDAP directory
A type of repository that stores information on people,
organizations, and other resources and that is accessed using the
LDAP protocol. The entries in the repository are organized into a
hierarchical structure, and in some cases the hierarchical structure
reflects the structure or geography of an organization.
library
1. A collection of model elements, including business
items, processes, tasks, resources, and organizations.
2. A
project that is used for the development, version management, and
organization of shared resources. Only a subset of the artifact types
can be created and stored in a library, such as business objects and
interfaces.
life cycle
One complete pass through the four phases of software development:
inception, elaboration, construction and transition.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
An open protocol that uses TCP/IP to provide access to directories
that support an X.500 model and that does not incur the resource requirements
of the more complex X.500 Directory Access Protocol (DAP). For example,
LDAP can be used to locate people, organizations, and other resources
in an Internet or intranet directory.
Lightweight Third Party Authentication (LTPA)
A protocol that uses cryptography to support security in
a distributed environment.
listener
A program that detects incoming requests and starts the
associated channel.
listener port
An object that defines the association between a connection
factory, a destination, and a deployed message-driven bean. Listener
ports simplify the administration of the associations between these
resources.
load balancing
The monitoring of application servers and management of
the workload on servers. If one server exceeds its workload, requests
are forwarded to another server with more capacity.
loader
A component that reads data from and writes data to a persistent
store.
local
1. Pertaining to a device, file, or system that is accessed
directly from a user system, without the use of a communication line.
2.
Pertaining to an element that is available only in its own process.
local database
A database that is located on the workstation in use.
lock
A means of preventing uncommitted changes made by one application
process from being perceived by another application process and for
preventing one application process from updating data that is being
accessed by another process. A lock ensures the integrity of data
by preventing concurrent users from accessing inconsistent data.
logging
The recording of data about specific events on the system,
such as errors.
long name
The property that specifies the logical name for the server
on the z/OS platform.
loop
A sequence of instructions performed repeatedly.
maintenance mode
A state of a node or server that an administrator can use
to diagnose, maintain, or tune the node or server without disrupting
incoming traffic in a production environment.
Managed Bean (MBean)
In the Java Management Extensions (JMX) specification, the
Java objects that implement resources and their instrumentation.
map
1. A data structure that maps keys to values.
2.
A file that defines the transformation between sources and targets.
3.
In the EJB development environment, the specification of how the container-managed
persistent fields of an enterprise bean correspond to columns in a
relational database table or other persistent storage.
MBean provider
A library containing an implementation of a Java Management
Extensions (JMX) MBean and its MBean Extensible Markup Language (XML)
descriptor file.
memory leak
The effect of a program that maintains references to objects
that are no longer required and therefore need to be reclaimed.
method
In object-oriented programming, an operation that an object
can perform. An object can have many methods.
metric
A holder for information, typically a business performance
measurement, in a monitoring context.
namespace
A logical container in which all the names are unique. The
unique identifier for an artifact is composed of the namespace and
the local name of the artifact.
node
1. A logical grouping of managed servers.
2. Any
item on a tree control, including a simple element, compound element,
mapping command, comment, or group node.
3. In XML, the smallest
unit of valid, complete structure in a document.
4. The fundamental
shapes that make up a diagram.
node agent
An administrative agent that manages all application servers
on a node and represents the node in the management cell.
object
In object-oriented design or programming, a concrete realization
(instance) of a class that consists of data and the operations associated
with that data. An object contains the instance data that is defined
by the class, but the class owns the operations that are associated
with the data.
Object Request Broker (ORB)
In object-oriented programming, software that serves as
an intermediary by transparently enabling objects to exchange requests
and responses.
object-oriented programming
A programming approach based on the concepts of data abstraction
and inheritance. Unlike procedural programming techniques, object-oriented
programming concentrates not on how something is accomplished but
instead on what data objects comprise the problem and how they are
manipulated.
ObjectGrid
A grid-enabled, memory database for applications that are
written in Java. ObjectGrid can be used as an in-memory database or
to distribute data across a network.
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
A standard application programming interface (API) for accessing
data in both relational and nonrelational database management systems.
Using this API, database applications can access data stored in database
management systems on a variety of computers even if each database
management system uses a different data storage format and programming
interface.
open source
Pertaining to software whose source code is publicly available
for use or modification. Open source software is typically developed
as a public collaboration and made freely available, although its
use and redistribution might be subject to licensing restrictions.
Linux is a well known example of open source software.
operation
An implementation of functions or queries that an object
might be called to perform.
organization
An entity where people cooperate to accomplish specified
objectives, such as an enterprise, a company, or a factory.
package
1. In Java programming, a group of types. Packages are
declared with the package keyword. (Sun)
2. The wrapper around
the document content that defines the format used to transmit a document
over the Internet, for example, RNIF, AS1, and AS2.
3. To assemble
components into modules and modules into enterprise applications.
partitioning facility
A programming framework and a system management infrastructure
that supports the concept of partitioning for enterprise beans, HTTP
traffic, and database access.
Performance Monitoring Infrastructure (PMI)
A set of packages and libraries assigned to gather, deliver,
process, and display performance data.
permission
Authorization to perform activities, such as reading and
writing local files, creating network connections, and loading native
code.
persist
To be maintained across session boundaries, typically in
nonvolatile storage such as a database system or a directory.
persistence
1. A characteristic of data that is maintained across
session boundaries, or of an object that continues to exist after
the execution of the program or process that created it, typically
in nonvolatile storage such as a database system.
2. In Java
EE, the protocol for transferring the state of an entity bean between
its instance variables and an underlying database. (Sun)
persistent data store
A nonvolatile storage for event data, such as a database
system, that is maintained across session boundaries and that continues
to exist after the execution of the program or process that created
it.
pessimistic locking
A locking strategy whereby a lock is held between the time
that a row is selected and the time that a searched update or delete
operation is attempted on that row.
plug-in
A separately installable software module that adds function
to an existing program, application, or interface.
point-to-point
Pertaining to a style of messaging application in which
the sending application knows the destination of the message.
policy
A set of considerations that influence the behavior of a
managed resource or a user.
port
As defined in a Web Services Description Language (WSDL)
document, a single endpoint that is defined as a combination of a
binding and a network address.
port number
In Internet communications, the identifier for a logical
connector between an application entity and the transport service.
primary key
1. An object that uniquely identifies an entity bean
of a particular type.
2. In a relational database, a key that
uniquely identifies one row of a database table.
primitive type
In Java, a category of data type that describes a variable
that contains a single value of the appropriate size and format for
its type: a number, a character, or a Boolean value. Examples of primitive
types include byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean.
process
1. A progressively continuing procedure consisting of
a series of controlled activities that are systematically directed
toward a particular result or end.
2. The sequence of documents
or messages to be exchanged between the Community Managers and participants
to run a business transaction.
profile
Data that describes the characteristics of a user, group,
resource, program, device, or remote location.
program temporary fix (PTF)
For System i, System p, and System z products, a fix that
is tested by IBM and is made available to all customers. See also
fix pack.
prompt
A component of an action that indicates that user input
is required for a field before making a transition to an output screen.
property
A characteristic of an object that describes the object.
A property can be changed or modified. Properties can describe an
object name, type, value, or behavior, among other things.
protocol binding
A binding that enables the enterprise service bus to process
messages independently of the communication protocol.
proxy
An application gateway from one network to another for a
specific network application such as Telnet or FTP, for example, where
a firewall proxy Telnet server performs authentication of the user
and then lets the traffic flow through the proxy as if it were not
there. Function is performed in the firewall and not in the client
workstation, causing more load in the firewall.
proxy cluster
A group of proxy servers that distributes HTTP requests
across the cluster.
proxy peer access point
A means of identifying the communication settings for a
peer access point that cannot be accessed directly.
proxy server
1. A server that acts as an intermediary for HTTP Web
requests that are hosted by an application or a Web server. A proxy
server acts as a surrogate for the content servers in the enterprise.
2.
A server that receives requests intended for another server and that
acts on behalf of the client (as the client's proxy) to obtain the
requested service. A proxy server is often used when the client and
the server are incompatible for direct connection. For example, the
client is unable to meet the security authentication requirements
of the server but should be permitted some services.
public
1. In object-oriented programming, pertaining to a class
member that is accessible to all classes.
2. In the Java programming
language, pertains to a method or variable that can be accessed by
elements residing in other classes. (Sun)
qualifier
A simple element that gives another generic compound or
simple element a specific meaning. Qualifiers are used in mapping
single or multiple occurrences. A qualifier can also be used to denote
the namespace used to interpret the second part of the name, typically
referred to as the ID.
quality of service (QoS)
A set of communication characteristics that an application
requires. Quality of Service (QoS) defines a specific transmission
priority, level of route reliability, and security level.
query
1. A request for information from a database based on
specific conditions: for example, a request for a list of all customers
in a customer table whose balances are greater than USD1000.
2.
A reusable request for information about one or more model elements
read-through cache
A sparse cache that loads data entries by key as they are
requested. When data cannot be found in the cache, the missing data
is retrieved with the loader, which loads the data from the back-end
data repository and inserts the data into the cache.
recursion
A programming technique in which a program or routine calls
itself to perform successive steps in an operation, with each step
using the output of the preceding step.
region
A contiguous area of virtual storage that has common characteristics
and that can be shared between processes.
replica
A server that contains a copy of the directory or directories
of another server. Replicas back up servers in order to enhance performance
or response times and to ensure data integrity.
replication
The process of maintaining a defined set of data in more
than one location. Replication involves copying designated changes
for one location (a source) to another (a target) and synchronizing
the data in both locations.
resource
1. A discrete asset, for example application suites,
applications, business services, interfaces, endpoints, and business
events.
2. A facility of a computing system or operating system
required by a job, task, or running program. Resources include main
storage, input/output devices, the processing unit, data sets, files,
libraries, folders, application servers, and control or processing
programs.
3. A person, piece of equipment, or material that
is used to perform a task or a project. Each resource is a particular
occurrence or example of a resource definition.
role
1. A description of a function to be carried out by an
individual or bulk resource, and the qualifications required to fulfill
the function. In simulation and analysis, the term role is also used
to refer to the qualified resources.
2. A job function that
identifies the tasks that a user can perform and the resources to
which a user has access. A user can be assigned one or more roles.
3.
A logical group of principals that provides a set of permissions.
Access to operations is controlled by granting access to a role.
4.
In a relationship, a role determines the function and participation
of entities. Roles capture structure and constraint requirements on
participating entities and their manner of participation. For example,
in an employment relationship, the roles are employer and employee.
root
The user name for the system user with the most authority.
run time
The time period during which a computer program is running.
runtime topology
A depiction of the momentary state of the environment.
scalability
The ability of a system to expand as resources, such as
processors, memory, or storage, are added.
scope
1. A specification of the boundary within which system
resources can be used.
2. In Web services, a property that identifies
the lifetime of the object serving the invocation request.
script
A series of commands, combined in a file, that carry out
a particular function when the file is run. Scripts are interpreted
as they are run.
scripting
A style of programming that reuses existing components as
a base for building applications.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
A security protocol that provides communication privacy.
With SSL, client/server applications can communicate in a way that
is designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery.
security administrator
The person who controls access to business data and program
functions.
security token
A representation of a set of claims that are made by a client
that can include a name, password, identity, key, certificate, group,
privilege, and so on.
serialization
In object-oriented programming, the writing of data in sequential
fashion to a communications medium from program memory.
serializer
A method for converting object data to another form such
as binary or XML.
servant region
A contiguous area of virtual storage that is dynamically
started as load increases and automatically stopped as load eases.
server
A software program or a computer that provides services
to other software programs or other computers. See also
host.
server cluster
A group of servers that are typically on different physical
machines and have the same applications configured within them, but
operate as a single logical server.
service level agreement (SLA)
A contract between a customer and a service provider that
specifies the expectations for the level of service with respect to
availability, performance, and other measurable objectives.
servlet
A Java program that runs on a Web server and extends the
server functions by generating dynamic content in response to Web
client requests. Servlets are commonly used to connect databases to
the Web.
session
1. A logical or virtual connection between two stations,
software programs, or devices on a network that allows the two elements
to communicate and exchange data.
2. A series of requests to
a servlet originating from the same user at the same browser.
3.
In Java EE, an object used by a servlet to track user interaction
with a Web application across multiple HTTP requests.
session affinity
A method of configuring applications in which a client is
always connected to the same server. These configurations disable
workload management after an initial connection by forcing a client
request to always go to the same server.
setter method
A method whose purpose is to set the value of an instance
or class variable. This capability allows another object to set the
value of one of its variables.
shard
An instance of a partition. A shard can be a primary or
replica.
shared lock
A lock that limits concurrently running application processes
to read-only operations on database data.
shell script
A program, or script, that is interpreted by the shell of
an operating system.
signer certificate
The trusted certificate entry that is typically in a truststore
file.
silent installation
An installation that does not send messages to the console
but instead stores messages and errors in log files. A silent installation
can use response files for data input.
silent mode
A method for installing or uninstalling a product component
from the command line with no GUI display. When using silent mode,
you specify the data required by the installation or uninstallation
program directly on the command line or in a file (called an option
file or response file).
skeleton
Scaffolding for an implementation class.
software development kit (SDK)
A set of tools, APIs, and documentation to assist with the
development of software in a specific computer language or for a particular
operating environment.
SQL query
A component of certain SQL statements that specifies a result
table.
SSL channel
A type of channel within a transport chain that associates
a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) configuration repertoire with the transport
chain.
stack
An area in memory that typically stores information such
as temporary register information, values of parameters, and return
addresses of subroutines and is based on the principle of last in,
first out (LIFO).
stand-alone
Independent of any other device, program, or system. In
a network environment, a stand-alone machine accesses all required
resources locally.
stand-alone server
A catalog service or container server that is managed from
the operating system that starts and stops the server process.
static
A Java programming language keyword that is used to define
a variable as a class variable.
string
In programming languages, the form of data used for storing
and manipulating text.
Structured Query Language (SQL)
A standardized language for defining and manipulating data
in a relational database.
subclass
In Java, a class that is derived from a particular class,
through inheritance.
subquery
In SQL, a subselect used within a predicate, for example,
a select-statement within the WHERE or HAVING clause of another SQL
statement.
synchronize
To add, subtract, or change one feature or artifact to match
another.
synchronous process
A process that starts by invoking a request-response operation.
The result of the process is returned by the same operation.
synchronous replica
A shard that receives updates as part of the transaction
on the primary shard to guarantee data consistency, which can increase
the response time compared with an asynchronous replica.
syntax
The rules for the construction of a command or statement.
systems analyst
A specialist who is responsible for translating business
requirements into system definitions and solutions.
TCP channel
A type of channel within a transport chain that provides
client applications with persistent connections within a local area
network (LAN).
TCP/IP monitoring server
A runtime environment that monitors all requests and responses
between a Web browser and an application server, as well as TCP/IP
activity.
thin application client
A lightweight, downloadable Java application run time capable
of interacting with enterprise beans.
thin client
A client that has little or no installed software but has
access to software that is managed and delivered by network servers
that are attached to it. A thin client is an alternative to a full-function
client such as a workstation.
thread
A stream of computer instructions that is in control of
a process. In some operating systems, a thread is the smallest unit
of operation in a process. Several threads can run concurrently, performing
different jobs.
thread contention
A condition in which a thread is waiting for a lock or object
that another thread holds.
threshold
A setting that applies to an interrupt in a simulation that
defines when a process simulation should be halted based on a condition
existing for a specified proportion of occurrences of some event.
throughput
The measure of the amount of work performed by a device,
such as a computer or printer, over a period of time, for example,
number of jobs per day.
time to live
The time interval in seconds that an entry can exist in
the cache before that entry is discarded.
timeout
A time interval that is allotted for an event to occur or
complete before operation is interrupted.
timer
A task that produces output at certain points in time.
timing constraint
A specialized validation action used to measure the duration
of a method call or a sequence of method calls.
Tivoli Performance Viewer
A Java client that retrieves the Performance Monitoring
Infrastructure (PMI) data from an application server and displays
it in various formats.
token
1. A marker used to track the current state of a process
instance during a simulation run.
2. A particular message or
bit pattern that signifies permission or temporary control to transmit
over a network.
topology
The physical or logical mapping of the location of networking
components or nodes within a network. Common network topologies include
bus, ring, star, and tree.
transaction
A process in which all of the data modifications that are
made during a transaction are either committed together as a unit
or rolled back as a unit.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
A communication protocol used in the Internet and in any
network that follows the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards
for internetwork protocol. TCP provides a reliable host-to-host protocol
in packet-switched communication networks and in interconnected systems
of such networks.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
An industry-standard, nonproprietary set of communication
protocols that provides reliable end-to-end connections between applications
over interconnected networks of different types.
truststore file
A key database file that contains the public keys for a
trusted entity.
type
1. In Java programming, a class or interface.
2.
In a WSDL document, an element that contains data type definitions
using some type system (such as XSD).
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
1. A compact string of characters for identifying an
abstract or physical resource.
2. A unique address that is used
to identify content on the Web, such as a page of text, a video or
sound clip, a still or animated image, or a program. The most common
form of URI is the Web page address, which is a particular form or
subset of URI called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A URI typically
describes how to access the resource, the computer that contains the
resource, and the name of the resource (a file name) on the computer.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
The unique address of an information resource that is accessible
in a network such as the Internet. The URL includes the abbreviated
name of the protocol used to access the information resource and the
information used by the protocol to locate the information resource.
Uniform Resource Name (URN)
A name that uniquely identifies a Web service to a client.
Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI)
A set of standards-based specifications that enables companies
and applications to quickly and easily find and use Web services over
the Internet.
Universally Unique Identifier (UUID)
The 128-bit numerical identifier that is used to ensure
that two components do not have the same identifier.
UNIX System Services
An element of z/OS that creates a UNIX environment that
conforms to XPG4 UNIX 1995 specifications and that provides two open-system
interfaces on the z/OS operating system: an application programming
interface (API) and an interactive shell interface.
upgradeable lock
A lock that identifies the intent to update a cache entry
when using a pessimistic lock.
upstream
Pertaining to the direction of the flow, which is from the
start of the process (upstream) toward the end of the process (downstream).
URL scheme
A format that contains another object reference.
variable
A representation of a changeable value.
version
A separately licensed program that typically has significant
new code or new function.
virtual host
A configuration enabling a single host machine to resemble
multiple host machines. Resources associated with one virtual host
cannot share data with resources associated with another virtual host,
even if the virtual hosts share the same physical machine.
virtual machine
An abstract specification for a computing device that can
be implemented in different ways in software and hardware.
virtualization
A technique that encapsulates the characteristics of resources
from the way in which other systems interact with those resources.
waiter
A thread waiting for a connection.
Web archive (WAR)
A compressed file format, defined by the Java EE standard,
for storing all the resources required to install and run a Web application
in a single file. See also
enterprise archive.
Web browser
A client program that initiates requests to a Web server
and displays the information that the server returns.
Web component
A servlet, JavaServer Pages (JSP) file, or a HyperText Markup
Language (HTML) file. One or more Web components make up a Web module.
Web container
A container that implements the Web component contract of
the Java EE architecture. (Sun)
Web container channel
A type of channel within a transport chain that creates
a bridge in the transport chain between an HTTP inbound channel and
a servlet or JavaServer Pages (JSP) engine.
Web crawler
A type of crawler that explores the Web by retrieving a
Web document and following the links within that document.
Web server
A software program that is capable of servicing Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests.
Web server plug-in
A software module that supports the Web server in communicating
requests for dynamic content, such as servlets, to the application
server.
Web server separation
A topology where the Web server is physically separated
from the application server.
Web site
A related collection of files available on the Web that
is managed by a single entity (an organization or an individual) and
contains information in hypertext for its users. A Web site often
includes hypertext links to other Web sites.
WebSphere
An IBM brand name that encompasses tools for developing
e-business applications and middleware for running Web applications.
WebSphere Common Configuration Model (WCCM)
A model that provides for programmatic access to configuration
data.
what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG)
A capability of an editor to continually display pages exactly
as they will be printed or otherwise rendered.
while loop
A loop that repeats the same sequence of activities as long
as some condition is satisfied. The while loop tests its condition
at the beginning of every loop. If the condition is false from the
start, the sequence of activities contained in the loop never runs.
workload management
The optimization of the distribution of incoming work requests
to the application servers, enterprise beans, servlets and other objects
that can effectively process the request.
Workload Manager (WLM)
A component of z/OS that provides the ability to run multiple
workloads at the same time within one z/OS image or across multiple
images.
workspace
1. A directory on disk that contains all project files,
as well as information such as preferences.
2. A temporary repository
of configuration information that administrative clients use.
3.
In Eclipse, the collection of projects and other resources that the
user is currently developing in the workbench. Metadata about these
resources resides in a directory on the file system; the resources
might reside in the same directory.
write-behind cache
A cache that asynchronously writes each write operation
to the database using a loader.
write-through cache
A cache that synchronously writes each write operation to
the database using a loader.
X/Open XA
The X/Open Distributed Transaction Processing XA interface.
A proposed standard for distributed transaction communication. The
standard specifies a bidirectional interface between resource managers
that provide access to shared resources within transactions, and between
a transaction service that monitors and resolves transactions.
XA
A bidirectional interface between one or more resource managers
that provide access to shared resources and a transaction manager
that monitors and resolves transactions.
z/OS
An IBM mainframe operating system that uses 64-bit real
storage.
zone-based support
A function that enables rules-based shard placement to improve
grid availability by placing shards across different data centers,
whether on different floors or even in different buildings or geographies.